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What is English Pronunciation?

What is English Pronunciation?

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What is English Pronunciation?

[Download the FREE printable worksheet here]

1. Pronunciation is how a word is pronounced, using sounds that combine to form words and sentences in order to communicate meaning. Incorrect pronunciation – the wrong sound or sounds – can lead to communication being reduced or blocked – even though the speaker knows the right words.

2. English began with the invasion of Angles, Saxons, and Jutes in the 5th Century AD. Anglo-Saxon mixed with Celtic languages, over time taking words and influence from various peoples and places. Norse, Norman French, Latin, Spanish, Greek, the language of trade and colonialism, then later mass immigration from former colonies. English absorbed numerous loan words and generally forgot to change the spelling of words as they entered everyday usage. Over time the pronunciation changed with use, but the spelling was unchanged. Unlike
other languages, there is no official body taking care of English, so it continues to hoover up hundreds of new words every year, without matching them to a standard spelling system. [LINK] [LINK] [LINK].

3. English was exported to many parts of the globe, as Britain colonised a quarter of the planet between 17th-20th centuries. UK aside, English is the national language in 50+ countries, including: USA, Canada, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and India. Each country speaks English with a number of different accents.

4. In this course we focus on British English. Britain is three countries: England, Scotland, and Wales. To get the UK you add Northern Ireland. Each part of the UK speaks English with different accents and dialects.

5. In England itself there are at least 40 distinctive accents, based around particular cities or regions. For example: Scouse (Liverpool), Geordie (Newcastle), Brummie (Birmingham), and Estuary English (Essex). [LINK]

6. There is also a Standard English Pronunciation (SEP), which is the accent students use to learn English. In the past this was called Received Pronunciation (RP). SEP is easy to understand, because it is spoken clearly and without any particular regional accent. Some people call it BBC English and it is true that we can often hear it when we switch on BBC Radios 3 or 4, or indeed many other popular radio and TV channels. It is a kind of default pronunciation of the language.

7. To be successful in their communication goals, students should try to work towards speaking with SEP. We learn to do this by examining the features of words in terms of syllables, stress, and sounds.

8. On this course we learn how to break a word into syllables with easy connections. We learn how to tell which syllables are strong and weak and what this means for pronouncing the word.

9. We discover how to find the stressed syllable in a word, by using a mixture of rules and clues, while also looking at words which do not fit our patterns and can be labelled exceptions, which have to be learned.

10. We also find out about the 48 sounds of English and how they combine to form words. [LINK] We discuss vowel sounds and consonant sounds, and learn how the 26 letters of the English alphabet are not enough to give each sound one letter, so letters have to combine to represent different sounds. We particularly focus on how to identify the all-important stressed vowel sound in each word from its spelling.

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30 Clues for Predicting the Pronunciation of Words in English

30 Clues for Predicting the Pronunciation of Words in English

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30 Clues for Predicting the Pronunciation of Words in English

[Download the FREE printable worksheet here]

Before we begin –

• Remember: you need to use the sounds of English to pronounce English words, not the vowels and consonants of your first language.

a) No. syllables:

1. Words are divided into syllables with vc or friendly (F) sound connections.

2. There is one vowel spelling in each syllable.

b) Stressed syllable:

3. In a one-syllable content word the whole word in stressed – there are no weak syllables.

4. Nouns tend to be stressed on the first syllable, especially two-syllable nouns.

5. Two-syllable verbs tend to be stressed on the second syllable.

6. The majority of suffixes are unstressed.

7. We always stress before certain suffixes, e.g. -tion (‘information’) and -ier (‘earlier’).

8. A vowel sound in a weak syllable will usually be a schwa, or i or ii. ‘er’ and ‘or’ are written schwa sounds.

9. When a consonant letter (e.g. ‘p’ or ‘b’) meets ‘l’ in a suffix, there will be an embedded schwa sound between them, e.g. ‘people’: Pee pl and ‘valuable’: Val y bl.

10. Suffixes with ‘i’ contain the short i sound, while suffixes with ‘y’, ‘ey’, or ‘ie’ contain the short ii sound.

11. Some suffixes contain strong vowel sounds (svs), e.g. ei in ‘aeroplane’.

12. A few suffixes are stressed, e.g. ‘ee’ in ‘guarantee’ and ‘eer’ in ‘engineer’.

13. The majority of prefixes are unstressed, e.g. ‘un’ in ‘unfortunately’.

14. Compound nouns are stressed on the first syllable, e.g. ‘bookstore’.

15. Sometimes two weak syllables with schwas can merge to form a single syllable with a schwa, e.g. ‘ua’ in ‘valuable’.

16. In some words it is necessary to delete a vowel sound or syllable to reduce the number of redundant weak syllables, e.g. ‘or’ in ‘comfortable’ and ‘e’ in ‘vegetable’.

17. Some words contain two suffixes: their own, and one from the root word. The stress can carry through from the root word, e.g. ‘extreme’ > ‘extremely’.

18. Weak syllables must be downplayed – spoken more quietly to let the strong syllable be heard.

c) Stressed vowel sound:

19. vcv rule – the first vowel is long and says its alphabet name, e.g. eu in ‘focus’.

20. vcc rule – the first vowel is short, protected by the two (or more) consonant letters, e.g. o in ‘opposite’.

21. cvc rule – in a one-syllable word with this pattern, the single vowel letter is short, e.g. e in ‘debt’.

22. Two vowel letters together make a long sound or diphthong. The first vowel usually says its alphabet name, while the second is silent, e.g. ‘ea’ = ee in ‘heat’ and ‘oa’ = eu in ‘boat’.

23. Long vowel sounds can be written with a digraph, vowel(s) + r, or vowel(s) + other consonant letters.

24. Diphthongs can be written with a digraph, vowel(s) + r, or vowel(s) + other consonant letter (b, g, gh, h, l, w, y).

25. A vowel at the end of a short word says its alphabet name, e.g. hi, fly, ago, also, no, go, so, menu, etc.

d) Other features

26. Some words have unexpected silent letters, e.g. ‘b’ in ‘debt’.

27. Some words have unexpected hidden sounds, e.g. ‘y’ in ‘menu’.

28. ‘e’ is usually silent at the end of a word, e.g. in ‘garage’.

e) Exceptions

29. Loan words are often exceptions, e.g. ‘restaurant’. We keep the spelling but force the word to fit our stress pattern.

30. Memorise the patterns above and learn the exceptions as sight words.

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This material is completely free to use and in the public domain, so please feel free to share it widely!

If you have any feedback about these free resources, we’d love to hear from you! Please leave a comment or review below or on Facebook or Twitter.